SONSTENG PRACTICUM TAXONOMY · SKILLS

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES · 26 SURVEYED SKILLS

Skills browser

Sonsteng’s seventeen Legal Practice skills and nine Law Practice Management skills, decomposed into the tasks most lawyers most often perform — each mapped into the FOLIO ontology where a sound mapping exists, and cross-linked to the matters that exercise it.

SURVEYED · 17

Legal Practice skills

Ability to diagnose and plan solutions for legal problems SK-LP-01 FOLIO · NEAR · RNlaIvo9pK9MgOcwKug5on IMPORTANCE 96.1%

Conduct a preliminary case analysis

Analyze a new matter to identify governing law and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each side.

TSK-001 BLOOM · analysis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RNlaIvo9pK9MgOcwKug5on M01 M03 M05 M06
  • Identify the governing law — Determine which statutes, rules, and cases control the matter. TSK-001.01
  • Assess strengths and weaknesses — Weigh the strong and weak points of both sides. TSK-001.02
  • Frame the legal issues — State the dispositive issues the matter presents. TSK-001.03

Develop a case theory and strategy

Synthesize the facts and law into a coherent theory of the case and a plan to prevail.

TSK-002 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RNlaIvo9pK9MgOcwKug5on M03 M05 M06 M14
  • Articulate theory and themes — State the persuasive theory and supporting themes. TSK-002.01
  • Identify elements to prevail — List the elements that must be proven or defeated. TSK-002.02
  • Map liabilities and remedies — Identify exposure and the remedies available. TSK-002.03

Create a strategic plan of action

Translate the case theory into a sequenced plan with objectives, steps, and deadlines.

TSK-003 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RNlaIvo9pK9MgOcwKug5on M01 M04 M09
  • Define client objectives — Capture what the client wants to achieve. TSK-003.01
  • Sequence steps and deadlines — Order the tasks and key dates. TSK-003.02
  • Select the forum and approach — Choose litigation, negotiation, or transaction path. TSK-003.03

Diagnose the client's legal problem at intake

Classify the client's problem into the correct area(s) of law and spot threshold issues.

TSK-004 BLOOM · comprehension · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · RNlaIvo9pK9MgOcwKug5on M03 M05 M08 M09
  • Classify the problem — Place the problem within one or more areas of law. TSK-004.01
  • Spot threshold and jurisdiction issues — Identify limitations, standing, and forum questions. TSK-004.02
Ability in legal analysis and reasoning SK-LP-02 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 96.8% · PREPARED 84.3%

Write a legal analysis memorandum

Produce a written IRAC analysis of a legal question in a matter.

TSK-005 BLOOM · analysis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Gc3Ce7YAbKZLOUs4pCQuA M01 M03 M06
  • State the issue and rule — Frame the question and the controlling rule. TSK-005.01
  • Apply the law to the facts — Reason from rule to the matter's facts. TSK-005.02
  • Reach a reasoned conclusion — State a supported conclusion and its confidence. TSK-005.03

Apply governing law to disputed facts

Match the elements of the governing law to the contested facts of the matter.

TSK-006 BLOOM · analysis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Gc3Ce7YAbKZLOUs4pCQuA M03 M06 M07
  • Extract the legal elements — Break the rule into its required elements. TSK-006.01
  • Match facts to elements — Line up the facts against each element. TSK-006.02
  • Weigh counterarguments — Test the analysis against the opposing view. TSK-006.03

Construct and evaluate legal arguments

Build affirmative arguments and critically evaluate their strength against the opposition.

TSK-007 BLOOM · evaluation · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R77n3Z14OcgllZTAx8sw9xZ M02 M03 M06
  • Build the affirmative argument — Assemble facts and authority into an argument. TSK-007.01
  • Anticipate the opposing argument — Predict and address the counterposition. TSK-007.02
  • Assess relative strength — Judge which arguments are strongest. TSK-007.03

Synthesize authority into a working rule

Reconcile multiple, possibly conflicting, authorities into a usable statement of the rule.

TSK-008 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Gc3Ce7YAbKZLOUs4pCQuA M06 M07 M10
  • Reconcile conflicting authority — Harmonize or distinguish competing sources. TSK-008.01
  • Derive a rule statement — State the synthesized rule for the file. TSK-008.02
Knowledge of substantive law SK-LP-03 NO-FOLIO

Identify the controlling substantive rules

Locate and state the substantive rules that govern the matter.

TSK-009 BLOOM · comprehension · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G M06 M07 M10
  • Locate governing statutes and code — Find the controlling primary law. TSK-009.01
  • Identify controlling elements — State the substantive elements at issue. TSK-009.02

Analyze the elements of a claim or defense

Break a claim or defense into its prima facie elements and available defenses.

TSK-010 BLOOM · analysis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Gc3Ce7YAbKZLOUs4pCQuA M03 M06 M07
  • Enumerate prima facie elements — List each element of the claim. TSK-010.01
  • Identify affirmative defenses — List defenses that may defeat the claim. TSK-010.02

Apply area-specific doctrine to the facts

Apply the doctrine of the matter's practice area to its particular facts, noting jurisdictional variation.

TSK-011 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Gc3Ce7YAbKZLOUs4pCQuA M06 M07 M10
  • Apply doctrine to matter facts — Work the doctrine through the facts. TSK-011.01
  • Note jurisdictional variations — Flag differences across the real-tier states. TSK-011.02
Knowledge of procedural law SK-LP-04 NO-FOLIO

Determine the governing procedural framework

Identify the court, forum, and rule set that will govern the matter's procedure.

TSK-012 BLOOM · comprehension · M1 FOLIO · PARENT · R79LjWBKHCdmQKEW6zPY8Co M03 M05 M06
  • Identify court, forum, and rules — Determine the tribunal and its rules. TSK-012.01
  • Determine filing deadlines — Calendar the controlling deadlines. TSK-012.02

Apply the rules of civil procedure to a filing

Ensure a filing satisfies jurisdiction, venue, and service requirements.

TSK-013 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RBgzWJQz52CrObfGXDKH1t7 M03 M07
  • Confirm jurisdiction and venue — Verify the forum is proper. TSK-013.01
  • Comply with service requirements — Effect and document proper service. TSK-013.02

Apply the rules of evidence in preparation

Assess admissibility and lay foundation for key evidence before a hearing or trial.

TSK-014 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RBgzWJQz52CrObfGXDKH1t7 M03 M05
  • Assess admissibility of exhibits — Test exhibits against the evidence rules. TSK-014.01
  • Prepare foundation for key evidence — Plan how each item will be admitted. TSK-014.02

Navigate appellate procedure

Comply with appellate rules, format, and deadlines for a review proceeding.

TSK-015 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · RBKT1I6J8ce2Gs6xwwFcUTr M02 M12
  • Confirm appellate rules and format — Meet the format and length requirements. TSK-015.01
  • Calendar briefing deadlines — Track the appellate briefing schedule. TSK-015.02
Library legal research SK-LP-05 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G IMPORTANCE 28.5%

Survey phrasing also recorded as: Skills to conduct legal library research

Formulate a research plan

Plan a library research effort: issues, sources, and search terms.

TSK-016 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G M01 M06 M10
  • Identify issues to research — List the questions to answer. TSK-016.01
  • Select sources and search terms — Choose the tools and vocabulary. TSK-016.02

Locate and read primary authority in print

Find and read the controlling statutes and case law in library sources.

TSK-017 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G M03 M06 M07
  • Find controlling statutes — Locate the governing code sections. TSK-017.01
  • Find on-point case law — Locate cases on the issue. TSK-017.02

Validate and update authority

Confirm that authority is still good law and note subsequent history.

TSK-018 BLOOM · analysis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G M02 M06
  • Confirm authority is good law — Check that the source is still valid. TSK-018.01
  • Note subsequent history — Record later treatment of the source. TSK-018.02
Computer legal research SK-LP-06 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G IMPORTANCE 87.1% · PREPARED 81.7%

Survey phrasing also recorded as: Knowledge of computer legal research

Run electronic database searches

Search online legal databases with effective queries filtered to the jurisdiction.

TSK-019 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G M11 M13 M16
  • Build boolean and natural-language queries — Construct effective search strings. TSK-019.01
  • Filter by jurisdiction — Restrict results to the governing jurisdiction. TSK-019.02

Cite-check using online tools

Use citator tools to verify citations and check their treatment.

TSK-020 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G M12 M16
  • Verify citation validity — Confirm each cite exists and is accurate. TSK-020.01
  • Check treatment flags — Review negative or cautionary treatment. TSK-020.02

Assemble a research trail and report

Record the sources found and summarize the findings for the file.

TSK-021 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G M06 M07
  • Record sources found — Log the authorities located. TSK-021.01
  • Summarize findings for the file — Write a short research summary. TSK-021.02
Fact gathering SK-LP-07 FOLIO · NEAR · RVZJBUCRB7cgWN1CIbeJJq

Conduct a client intake interview

Interview a new client to elicit their story, goals, and concerns while building trust.

TSK-022 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · R83QdGrsILzbGVfk0bqF1kw M01 M02 M03 M04 M05 M06 M07 M08 M09 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 M19 M20
  • Use open-ended then focused questions — Move from broad to narrow (T-funnel). TSK-022.01
  • Build rapport and trust — Establish a working relationship. TSK-022.02
  • Elicit the client's goals and concerns — Capture what the client wants and fears. TSK-022.03

Investigate and develop the facts

Gather documents and witness information and assess factual gaps and inconsistencies.

TSK-023 BLOOM · analysis · M2 FOLIO · EXACT · RVZJBUCRB7cgWN1CIbeJJq M03 M05 M06 M07
  • Gather documents and records — Collect the relevant records. TSK-023.01
  • Identify and interview witnesses — Find and question fact witnesses. TSK-023.02
  • Assess gaps and inconsistencies — Test the facts for holes and conflicts. TSK-023.03

Interview fact witnesses

Prepare for and conduct interviews of fact witnesses and memorialize their statements.

TSK-024 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R83QdGrsILzbGVfk0bqF1kw M03 M05 M08 M09
  • Prepare a witness question outline — Plan the areas to cover. TSK-024.01
  • Capture and memorialize statements — Record the witness account. TSK-024.02

Build and maintain a chronology of facts

Order events into a timeline and link facts to the legal elements they support.

TSK-025 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RNlaIvo9pK9MgOcwKug5on M02 M03 M06
  • Order events on a timeline — Place events in sequence. TSK-025.01
  • Link facts to legal elements — Connect each fact to an element. TSK-025.02
Oral communication SK-LP-08 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 96.0% · PREPARED 72.7%

Deliver an opening statement or oral argument

Present a structured, theme-driven oral argument and respond to questions from the bench.

TSK-026 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · RBgzWJQz52CrObfGXDKH1t7 M02 M03 M05 M06
  • Structure the argument — Organize the oral presentation. TSK-026.01
  • Use theory and themes — Anchor the argument in the case theory. TSK-026.02
  • Respond to questions from the bench — Handle questioning under pressure. TSK-026.03

Conduct direct and cross-examination

Plan and deliver direct examination to elicit the story and cross to control the witness.

TSK-027 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · RBgzWJQz52CrObfGXDKH1t7 M01 M03 M05
  • Plan direct to elicit the story — Design questions that let the witness tell it. TSK-027.01
  • Plan cross to control the witness — Design leading questions that limit the witness. TSK-027.02

Counsel and communicate with the client orally

Explain options and confirm understanding in plain, accessible language.

TSK-028 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9p98NogvwJk1MnJgYzuiZd M04 M05 M09
  • Explain options in plain language — Translate legal choices for the client. TSK-028.01
  • Confirm client understanding — Check that the client understood. TSK-028.02

Present a negotiation position orally

State interests and positions and make and respond to offers in real time.

TSK-029 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RDa0Qu7gpJEIhpO0REOfc1p M04 M05 M06 M09
  • State interests and positions — Present the client's goals and stance. TSK-029.01
  • Make and respond to offers — Advance and react to proposals. TSK-029.02
Written communication SK-LP-09 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 97.4% · PREPARED 78.6%

Draft client correspondence and letters

Write clear client-facing letters, including status and advice letters.

TSK-030 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · RPzuFFXebWVvkhzE9KZ304 M01 M05 M10
  • Write an engagement or status letter — Communicate scope or progress. TSK-030.01
  • Write a client advice letter — Convey advice in writing. TSK-030.02

Draft correspondence to opposing counsel and the court

Write professional correspondence to opposing counsel and the clerk, with proof of service.

TSK-031 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RPzuFFXebWVvkhzE9KZ304 M03 M06 M07
  • Draft a meet-and-confer letter — Communicate with opposing counsel. TSK-031.01
  • Include proof of service — Document service on the other side. TSK-031.02

Write a persuasive brief or memorandum of law

Draft a persuasive brief with organized argument headings and integrated citations.

TSK-032 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Gc3Ce7YAbKZLOUs4pCQuA M02 M06 M12
  • Organize argument headings — Structure the brief's point headings. TSK-032.01
  • Integrate authority and record cites — Weave in citations to law and record. TSK-032.02

Edit and revise written work against a rubric

Self-edit and revise a draft for clarity, concision, and page limits against the rubric.

TSK-033 BLOOM · evaluation · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Gc3Ce7YAbKZLOUs4pCQuA M01 M03 M06
  • Self-edit for clarity and concision — Tighten and clarify the prose. TSK-033.01
  • Revise to meet page limits — Cut to the required length. TSK-033.02
Counseling SK-LP-10 FOLIO · NEAR · R9p98NogvwJk1MnJgYzuiZd IMPORTANCE 86.4% · PREPARED 39.1%

Advise the client on options and risks

Lay out the alternatives and their consequences and give a candid recommendation.

TSK-034 BLOOM · analysis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9p98NogvwJk1MnJgYzuiZd M04 M05 M08 M10
  • Lay out alternatives and consequences — Present the realistic options. TSK-034.01
  • Give a candid recommendation — Recommend a course of action. TSK-034.02

Counsel on settlement versus proceeding

Help the client weigh settling against proceeding, using BATNA and cost-benefit.

TSK-035 BLOOM · evaluation · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R9p98NogvwJk1MnJgYzuiZd M03 M06 M07 M09
  • Evaluate the client's BATNA — Assess the best alternative to agreement. TSK-035.01
  • Explain cost, benefit, and risk — Frame the tradeoffs clearly. TSK-035.02

Manage client expectations and decisions

Clarify that the client owns key decisions and document the advice given.

TSK-036 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9p98NogvwJk1MnJgYzuiZd M08 M09 M10
  • Clarify decision ownership — Confirm the client decides. TSK-036.01
  • Document the advice given — Memorialize the counseling. TSK-036.02

Counsel a distressed or vulnerable client

Acknowledge emotion, rebuild focus, and coordinate with a guardian or parent where needed.

TSK-037 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R9p98NogvwJk1MnJgYzuiZd M05 M08 M09
  • Acknowledge emotion and rebuild focus — Respond to distress and refocus. TSK-037.01
  • Coordinate with a guardian or parent — Involve a caregiver appropriately. TSK-037.02
Instilling others' confidence in you SK-LP-11 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 89.0% · PREPARED 42.0%

Survey phrasing also recorded as: The ability to instill others' confidence in their work

Build client trust and rapport

Earn the client's confidence through competence, preparation, and reliable follow-through.

TSK-038 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · R83QdGrsILzbGVfk0bqF1kw M03 M05 M09
  • Demonstrate competence and preparation — Show mastery of the matter. TSK-038.01
  • Communicate reliably and follow through — Do what you say, when you say it. TSK-038.02

Establish credibility with the tribunal and opposing counsel

Build a reputation for candor and preparedness before the court and opposing counsel.

TSK-039 BLOOM · application · M3 NO-FOLIO M02 M03 M06
  • Demonstrate candor and preparedness — Be straight and ready. TSK-039.01
  • Honor commitments and deadlines — Keep your professional word. TSK-039.02

Maintain the attorney-client relationship over time

Keep an ongoing client informed and responsive to sustain the relationship.

TSK-040 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9PLqqxNIpwbQxLWPoLvR5n M09 M10 M19
  • Keep the client informed — Provide regular updates. TSK-040.01
  • Respond promptly to communications — Answer the client quickly. TSK-040.02
Ability to obtain and keep clients SK-LP-12 FOLIO · NEAR · R81n0uoiTFQMwwdzAskqkZD IMPORTANCE 80.4% · PREPARED 10.0%

Conduct a new-client intake and screening

Gather intake information and run a preliminary conflicts screen before accepting a client.

TSK-041 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · Ry2zpiHIeLctXWkmz2CO6C M03 M05 M06 M08
  • Gather intake information — Collect the client and matter details. TSK-041.01
  • Run a preliminary conflicts check — Screen for conflicts before engaging. TSK-041.02

Develop business and generate referrals

Identify prospective clients and communicate the firm's value to win work.

TSK-042 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R81n0uoiTFQMwwdzAskqkZD M01 M04
  • Identify prospective clients — Find likely sources of work. TSK-042.01
  • Communicate the firm's value — Explain why to hire the firm. TSK-042.02

Retain clients through service and relationship

Keep clients by delivering responsive service and acting on their feedback.

TSK-043 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R9PLqqxNIpwbQxLWPoLvR5n M09 M10
  • Deliver responsive service — Serve clients promptly and well. TSK-043.01
  • Solicit and act on feedback — Ask for and use client feedback. TSK-043.02
Negotiation SK-LP-13 FOLIO · NEAR · RDa0Qu7gpJEIhpO0REOfc1p IMPORTANCE 86.2% · PREPARED 43.6%

Prepare a strategic settlement and negotiation plan (SSNP)

Plan a negotiation: interests, positions, BATNA, targets, and confidential concessions.

TSK-044 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RDa0Qu7gpJEIhpO0REOfc1p M04 M05 M06 M09
  • Identify interests, positions, and BATNA — Map the negotiation landscape. TSK-044.01
  • Set target and reservation points — Fix the goal and walk-away. TSK-044.02
  • Plan confidential concessions — Decide what can be traded and when. TSK-044.03

Conduct a settlement or plea negotiation

Exchange and evaluate offers using principled bargaining and document the terms reached.

TSK-045 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RDa0Qu7gpJEIhpO0REOfc1p M03 M05 M06 M09
  • Exchange and evaluate offers — Advance and assess proposals. TSK-045.01
  • Use principled bargaining — Negotiate on interests, not positions. TSK-045.02
  • Document the terms reached — Record the agreement. TSK-045.03

Negotiate a transaction to agreement

Reconcile competing deal terms and draft the negotiated agreement.

TSK-046 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RCijZPAaPw0lgYwtl8qWG67 M04 M07 M14 M17
  • Reconcile competing deal terms — Bridge the parties' positions. TSK-046.01
  • Draft the negotiated agreement — Reduce the deal to writing. TSK-046.02

Participate in mediation

Prepare a mediation position and engage the neutral to explore options.

TSK-047 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · EXACT · R9zgcjBBIdWMnwIR8nqsoS8 M07 M09 M17 M19
  • Prepare a mediation position or statement — Set out the client's case for the neutral. TSK-047.01
  • Engage the neutral and explore options — Work with the mediator toward resolution. TSK-047.02
Litigation SK-LP-14 FOLIO · NEAR · R79LjWBKHCdmQKEW6zPY8Co IMPORTANCE 71.5% · PREPARED 28.7%

Survey phrasing also recorded as: Understanding and conducting litigation

Draft pleadings to initiate or respond

Draft the complaint or petition and the answer and counterclaim.

TSK-048 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RBgzWJQz52CrObfGXDKH1t7 M03 M06 M07
  • Draft the complaint or petition — Plead the claim. TSK-048.01
  • Draft the answer and counterclaim — Respond and assert counterclaims. TSK-048.02

Conduct discovery

Propound and respond to written discovery and take and defend depositions.

TSK-049 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · EXACT · R9hR0S1zExtgPQTzV0LeyD3 M03 M06 M07 M09
  • Draft interrogatories and document requests — Propound written discovery. TSK-049.01
  • Respond to written discovery — Answer the other side's requests. TSK-049.02
  • Take or defend a deposition — Conduct deposition practice. TSK-049.03

Engage in motion practice

Draft and argue a motion with supporting and opposing memoranda and a proposed order.

TSK-050 BLOOM · analysis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RBgzWJQz52CrObfGXDKH1t7 M03 M05 M06
  • Draft the motion and supporting memo — Write the moving papers. TSK-050.01
  • Draft the opposition — Write the responsive papers. TSK-050.02
  • Prepare a proposed order — Draft the order for the court. TSK-050.03

Try a case to verdict

Prepare and present a trial from openings through witnesses to closings and jury instructions.

TSK-051 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · RBgzWJQz52CrObfGXDKH1t7 M03 M05 M13 M15
  • Prepare the trial notebook — Assemble the trial materials. TSK-051.01
  • Present openings, witnesses, and closings — Deliver the trial presentation. TSK-051.02
  • Propose jury instructions and verdict form — Draft the instructions and verdict. TSK-051.03

Conduct an arbitration hearing

Draft the statement of the case and present evidence to the arbitrator.

TSK-052 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 FOLIO · EXACT · RXO2u2WBkUUcEG1jczLIcA M01 M07 M11
  • Draft the statement of the case — Prepare the arbitration statement. TSK-052.01
  • Present evidence to the arbitrator — Try the matter before the arbitrator. TSK-052.02

Handle an appeal

Frame issues and standard of review, write the appellate brief, and argue the appeal.

TSK-053 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 FOLIO · EXACT · RBKT1I6J8ce2Gs6xwwFcUTr M02 M12
  • Frame issues and standard of review — Define the appellate questions. TSK-053.01
  • Write the appellate brief — Draft the brief. TSK-053.02
  • Present oral argument — Argue before the court. TSK-053.03
Organization and management of legal work SK-LP-15 FOLIO · NEAR · RDCyhgZrQPH8YgEp0C1Jtvb IMPORTANCE 85.2% · PREPARED 30.7%

Manage the matter file and documents

Organize the case file, exhibits, and document versions for a matter.

TSK-054 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · RDCyhgZrQPH8YgEp0C1Jtvb M03 M06 M07
  • Organize the case file and exhibits — Keep the file orderly. TSK-054.01
  • Track key documents and versions — Control document versions. TSK-054.02

Calendar deadlines and manage the docket

Docket court and discovery deadlines with reminders and buffers.

TSK-055 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · RDCyhgZrQPH8YgEp0C1Jtvb M03 M05 M06
  • Docket court and discovery deadlines — Enter every controlling date. TSK-055.01
  • Set reminders and buffers — Add lead-time alerts. TSK-055.02

Coordinate the two-person firm's division of labor

Allocate tasks between the two partners and balance the workload realistically.

TSK-056 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Ol92hxELxA00tCrZWrQDK M01 M03 M09
  • Allocate tasks between partners — Split the work fairly. TSK-056.01
  • Balance the workload realistically — Avoid overloading either partner. TSK-056.02

Track time and prepare for billing

Record contemporaneous time entries and categorize the work for the invoice.

TSK-057 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RDDsp1sHEeFoxTQnJeEyPPh M01 M06 M07
  • Record contemporaneous time entries — Log time as work is done. TSK-057.01
  • Categorize work for the invoice — Code entries for billing. TSK-057.02
Sensitivity to professional and ethical concerns SK-LP-16 NO-FOLIO

Identify and resolve conflicts of interest

Run a conflicts check and evaluate waiver or withdrawal where a conflict appears.

TSK-058 BLOOM · analysis · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · RDpaN9hLN8jGKrKBnQ2kPbN M02 M04 M06
  • Run a conflicts check — Screen the matter for conflicts. TSK-058.01
  • Evaluate waiver or withdrawal options — Decide how to cure a conflict. TSK-058.02

Safeguard client confidences and privilege

Protect privileged material and avoid improper disclosures.

TSK-059 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · Ru8IZ0c4FPR4BSj4MyRQT3 M02 M06 M16
  • Protect privileged material — Keep privileged content secure. TSK-059.01
  • Avoid improper disclosures — Prevent inadvertent waiver. TSK-059.02

Comply with the rules of professional conduct

Honor duties such as the no-contact rule and candor to the tribunal.

TSK-060 BLOOM · application · M2 NO-FOLIO M02 M12
  • Honor the no-contact (Rule 4.2) rule — Avoid contact with represented parties. TSK-060.01
  • Maintain candor to the tribunal — Be truthful with the court. TSK-060.02

Handle client funds and trust duties ethically

Keep client funds in trust, avoid commingling, and reconcile the trust ledger.

TSK-061 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RgV0GDy1p5PQCXleadL2hV M02 M09 M12 M19
  • Keep client funds in trust — Segregate client money. TSK-061.01
  • Avoid commingling and reconcile the ledger — Balance and separate the trust account. TSK-061.02
Drafting legal documents SK-LP-17 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 91.0% · PREPARED 45.0%

Survey phrasing also recorded as: Ability to draft legal documents

Draft transactional agreements

Draft a purchase or sale agreement and its protective clauses.

TSK-062 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RCijZPAaPw0lgYwtl8qWG67 M04 M07 M14 M17
  • Draft a purchase or sale agreement — Reduce the deal to a contract. TSK-062.01
  • Draft protective clauses — Add easement, warranty, or similar protections. TSK-062.02

Draft a will and estate-planning documents

Draft a will to the client's instructions with an explanatory client letter.

TSK-063 BLOOM · synthesis · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9bCaZjWhV1f2PgQiwzAkDm M10 M20
  • Draft the will per client instructions — Prepare the testamentary document. TSK-063.01
  • Draft the explanatory client letter — Explain the will to the client. TSK-063.02

Draft an engagement letter and fee agreement

Draft the engagement letter stating scope, fee structure, and required billing terms.

TSK-064 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · EXACT · RBwgCSrndWQriCjEO63iWbx M03 M05 M09 M10
  • State scope and fee structure — Define the engagement and fee. TSK-064.01
  • Include required billing terms — Add the billing and payment terms. TSK-064.02

Draft pleadings and litigation documents

Draft pleadings, motions, affidavits, and proposed orders.

TSK-065 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9JHul9FKmkFasxXopMmrpq M03 M05 M06
  • Draft pleadings and motions — Prepare the litigation papers. TSK-065.01
  • Draft affidavits and proposed orders — Prepare supporting documents. TSK-065.02

Draft discovery instruments

Draft interrogatories and requests for production.

TSK-066 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RBNIcoXeUcBXVeFvlXkbGaS M03 M06 M07
  • Draft interrogatories — Prepare written questions. TSK-066.01
  • Draft requests for production — Prepare document requests. TSK-066.02

SURVEYED · 9

Law Practice Management skills

Fee arrangements, pricing, billing SK-PM-01 FOLIO · NEAR · RgV0GDy1p5PQCXleadL2hV PREPARED 9.0%

Select and structure the fee arrangement

Match the fee type to the matter and document it in the agreement.

TSK-067 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9RWwdyMp12ldMe0u2EZjhO M03 M05 M09 M10
  • Match fee type to matter — Choose hourly, flat, contingency, or retainer. TSK-067.01
  • Document the fee in the agreement — Record the fee terms. TSK-067.02

Record time and expenses

Keep contemporaneous time sheets and capture disbursements.

TSK-068 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RDDsp1sHEeFoxTQnJeEyPPh M01 M06 M07
  • Keep contemporaneous time sheets — Log time as it is spent. TSK-068.01
  • Capture disbursements and expenses — Record costs advanced. TSK-068.02

Prepare a client billing statement

Compile time entries into an invoice, compute the balance due, and enclose a cover letter.

TSK-069 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · RgV0GDy1p5PQCXleadL2hV M01 M04 M07 M16
  • Compile time entries into an invoice — Assemble the billing statement. TSK-069.01
  • Compute fees, expenses, and balance due — Total the amounts owed. TSK-069.02
  • Enclose a billing cover letter — Send the statement with a letter. TSK-069.03

Manage retainers and trust accounting

Deposit funds to trust and reconcile the trust ledger so it is never negative.

TSK-070 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · RgV0GDy1p5PQCXleadL2hV M02 M09 M12 M19
  • Deposit funds to trust — Place advance funds in trust. TSK-070.01
  • Reconcile the trust ledger — Balance the trust account. TSK-070.02
Human resources, hiring, support staff SK-PM-02 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt PREPARED 8.9%

Define staffing needs and roles

Identify the support-staff roles the firm needs and write role expectations.

TSK-071 BLOOM · comprehension · M3 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt
  • Identify support-staff roles — Determine needed positions. TSK-071.01
  • Write role expectations — Define what each role does. TSK-071.02

Supervise and delegate to non-lawyer staff

Delegate appropriate tasks and supervise staff for competence and ethical compliance.

TSK-072 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Ol92hxELxA00tCrZWrQDK M12
  • Delegate appropriate tasks — Assign suitable work to staff. TSK-072.01
  • Supervise for competence and ethics — Oversee quality and conduct. TSK-072.02

Onboard and manage support staff

Train new staff on firm systems and set performance expectations.

TSK-073 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt
  • Train on firm systems — Bring staff up to speed. TSK-073.01
  • Set performance expectations — Define success for the role. TSK-073.02
Capitalization, investment SK-PM-03 NO-FOLIO PREPARED 4.0%

Plan the firm's startup capitalization

Estimate startup costs and identify sources of capital for the firm.

TSK-074 BLOOM · comprehension · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Estimate startup costs — Project what launch will cost. TSK-074.01
  • Identify capital sources — Find funding options. TSK-074.02

Manage cash flow and reserves

Forecast cash flow and maintain operating reserves.

TSK-075 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · RW7P6EPg4NMe8dhyO52jzl
  • Forecast cash flow — Project inflows and outflows. TSK-075.01
  • Maintain operating reserves — Hold a cushion for lean months. TSK-075.02

Evaluate investment in tools and growth

Assess the return on a purchase and prioritize investments.

TSK-076 BLOOM · evaluation · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Assess ROI of a purchase — Weigh cost against benefit. TSK-076.01
  • Prioritize investments — Rank competing investments. TSK-076.02
Project and time management, efficiency SK-PM-04 FOLIO · NEAR · R9ScBHXlUfa31SlBnKmDarJ PREPARED 40.3%

Plan and scope a matter as a project

Define deliverables and milestones and estimate the effort and time required.

TSK-077 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9ScBHXlUfa31SlBnKmDarJ M03 M06 M09
  • Define deliverables and milestones — Set the outputs and checkpoints. TSK-077.01
  • Estimate effort and time — Project the work required. TSK-077.02

Manage personal and firm time

Prioritize tasks and track billable versus non-billable time.

TSK-078 BLOOM · application · M1 FOLIO · NEAR · RDDsp1sHEeFoxTQnJeEyPPh M01 M07
  • Prioritize tasks — Order work by importance and deadline. TSK-078.01
  • Track billable versus non-billable time — Separate the two categories. TSK-078.02

Improve process efficiency

Identify bottlenecks and standardize repeatable work.

TSK-079 BLOOM · analysis · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R9ScBHXlUfa31SlBnKmDarJ
  • Identify bottlenecks — Find where work stalls. TSK-079.01
  • Standardize repeatable work — Templatize recurring tasks. TSK-079.02
Planning, resource allocation, budgeting SK-PM-05 FOLIO · NEAR · RW7P6EPg4NMe8dhyO52jzl PREPARED 13.7%

Prepare a matter or firm budget

Estimate fees and costs and set a budget baseline.

TSK-080 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · RW7P6EPg4NMe8dhyO52jzl M01 M03
  • Estimate fees and costs — Project the numbers. TSK-080.01
  • Set a budget baseline — Fix the plan of record. TSK-080.02

Allocate resources across the docket

Match resources to matter priority and rebalance as needs change.

TSK-081 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R8Ol92hxELxA00tCrZWrQDK
  • Match resources to matter priority — Assign effort to what matters most. TSK-081.01
  • Rebalance as needs change — Adjust allocations over time. TSK-081.02

Monitor budget versus actuals

Compare actuals to budget and adjust the plan.

TSK-082 BLOOM · evaluation · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · RW7P6EPg4NMe8dhyO52jzl
  • Compare actuals to budget — Track variance. TSK-082.01
  • Adjust the plan — Revise the budget as needed. TSK-082.02
Marketing, client development SK-PM-06 FOLIO · NEAR · R81n0uoiTFQMwwdzAskqkZD PREPARED 10.2%

Develop a marketing and client-development plan

Define the target clients and niche and choose outreach channels.

TSK-083 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R81n0uoiTFQMwwdzAskqkZD
  • Define target clients and niche — Pick who to serve. TSK-083.01
  • Choose outreach channels — Select how to reach them. TSK-083.02

Build the firm's brand and network

Cultivate referral relationships and maintain a professional presence.

TSK-084 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R81n0uoiTFQMwwdzAskqkZD
  • Cultivate referral relationships — Grow a referral network. TSK-084.01
  • Maintain a professional presence — Keep a credible public profile. TSK-084.02

Prepare pitches and proposals

Scope a prospective engagement and present fees and value.

TSK-085 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R8MT8gA5gTVF6rbGoWbxYJw
  • Scope the prospective engagement — Define the proposed work. TSK-085.01
  • Present fees and value — Explain price and worth. TSK-085.02
Technology, computers, communications SK-PM-07 NO-FOLIO PREPARED 53.4%

Adopt and use practice technology

Select case-management tools and use document and billing software.

TSK-086 BLOOM · application · M2 NO-FOLIO
  • Select case-management tools — Choose the firm's systems. TSK-086.01
  • Use document and billing software — Operate the core tools. TSK-086.02

Manage electronic communications and records

Organize email and files and retain records per policy.

TSK-087 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · NEAR · R9MD9rwRADsqy2eadoz5R8L
  • Organize email and files — Keep communications orderly. TSK-087.01
  • Retain records per policy — Apply the retention schedule. TSK-087.02

Protect data security and client information

Secure devices and accounts and guard against data loss.

TSK-088 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · R97IEI6qOls8PLTHVBTaE0w M06 M16
  • Secure devices and accounts — Lock down access. TSK-088.01
  • Guard against data loss — Back up and protect data. TSK-088.02
Governance, decision-making, long-range strategic planning SK-PM-08 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt PREPARED 13.4%

Establish firm governance and decision rules

Define partner decision rights and document firm policies.

TSK-089 BLOOM · comprehension · M3 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt
  • Define partner decision rights — Decide who decides what. TSK-089.01
  • Document firm policies — Write the firm's rules. TSK-089.02

Set long-range strategy

Set multi-year goals and align resources to the strategy.

TSK-090 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt
  • Set multi-year goals — Define where the firm is going. TSK-090.01
  • Align resources to strategy — Point resources at the goals. TSK-090.02

Make and review firm-level decisions

Weigh options and risks and review outcomes to adjust.

TSK-091 BLOOM · evaluation · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · Ru8IZ0c4FPR4BSj4MyRQT3
  • Weigh options and risks — Assess the choices. TSK-091.01
  • Review outcomes and adjust — Learn from results. TSK-091.02
Interpersonal communications, staff relations SK-PM-09 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt PREPARED 39.6%

Communicate effectively within the firm

Hold regular partner check-ins and give constructive feedback.

TSK-092 BLOOM · application · M2 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt M01
  • Hold regular partner check-ins — Keep the partnership aligned. TSK-092.01
  • Give constructive feedback — Coach and correct helpfully. TSK-092.02

Manage partner and staff relationships

Align on expectations and address friction early.

TSK-093 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt
  • Align on expectations — Set shared expectations. TSK-093.01
  • Address friction early — Handle tension before it grows. TSK-093.02

Resolve internal conflict

Surface disagreements constructively and reach a workable resolution.

TSK-094 BLOOM · application · M3 FOLIO · NEAR · Ru8IZ0c4FPR4BSj4MyRQT3
  • Surface disagreements constructively — Bring conflict into the open. TSK-094.01
  • Reach a workable resolution — Settle on a path forward. TSK-094.02

EXTENSION · NOT PART OF THE SURVEYED 26

AI-era extension set

Added for the centaur layer; kept visually and structurally separate from the surveyed canon.

Prompt formulation and iteration SK-LP-18 NO-FOLIO

Formulate an effective legal prompt

Write a prompt that specifies role, task, context, and the governing facts and constraints.

TSK-095 BLOOM · application · M1 NO-FOLIO M03 M05
  • Specify role, task, and context — Frame the request precisely. TSK-095.01
  • Supply governing facts and constraints — Give the model what it needs. TSK-095.02

Iterate and refine prompts

Diagnose weak outputs and revise the prompt to improve results.

TSK-096 BLOOM · application · M2 NO-FOLIO M06
  • Diagnose weak outputs — Identify what went wrong. TSK-096.01
  • Revise the prompt and re-test — Adjust and try again. TSK-096.02

Build reusable prompt templates for tasks

Template recurring prompts for memos or interviews and document their usage and limits.

TSK-097 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Template a memo or interview prompt — Create a reusable prompt. TSK-097.01
  • Document usage and limits — Note when and how to use it. TSK-097.02
AI-output verification and citation checking SK-LP-19 NO-FOLIO

Verify AI-asserted facts against the record

Cross-check AI claims to the case file and flag unsupported assertions.

TSK-098 BLOOM · evaluation · M2 NO-FOLIO M03 M07
  • Cross-check claims to the case file — Verify against source facts. TSK-098.01
  • Flag unsupported assertions — Mark what cannot be verified. TSK-098.02

Check AI-provided citations and authority

Confirm each AI citation exists and says what the output claims.

TSK-099 BLOOM · evaluation · M2 NO-FOLIO M06
  • Confirm each citation exists — Verify the source is real. TSK-099.01
  • Confirm it says what is claimed — Read the source for support. TSK-099.02

Detect and correct hallucinations and errors

Identify fabricated content and correct it before relying on or filing the work.

TSK-100 BLOOM · evaluation · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Identify fabricated content — Spot invented facts or law. TSK-100.01
  • Correct before relying or filing — Fix errors before use. TSK-100.02
Centaur workflow judgment SK-LP-20 NO-FOLIO

Decide which tasks to delegate to AI versus retain

Assess task risk and reversibility and keep judgment-heavy work with the human.

TSK-101 BLOOM · evaluation · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Assess task risk and reversibility — Judge what is safe to delegate. TSK-101.01
  • Keep judgment-heavy work human — Retain the hard calls. TSK-101.02

Integrate AI first-pass into the revise-and-repeat loop

Obtain an AI first-pass critique and revise the work against the rubric.

TSK-102 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 NO-FOLIO M03 M06
  • Get an AI first-pass critique — Run the draft through AI. TSK-102.01
  • Revise against the rubric — Improve using the rubric. TSK-102.02

Supervise AI as you would a junior

Set the assignment clearly and review AI work before it leaves the firm.

TSK-103 BLOOM · application · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Set the assignment clearly — Give the model a clear brief. TSK-103.01
  • Review before it leaves the firm — Check the work before use. TSK-103.02
Confidentiality and privilege protection in AI-assisted work SK-LP-21 NO-FOLIO

Avoid disclosing client confidences to AI tools

Strip or avoid identifiers and use only approved tools when working with AI.

TSK-104 BLOOM · application · M2 NO-FOLIO M02 M06
  • Strip or avoid PII and identifiers — Keep client identity out of prompts. TSK-104.01
  • Use approved tools only — Restrict to vetted systems. TSK-104.02

Preserve privilege when using AI

Assess waiver risk and document the safeguards taken.

TSK-105 BLOOM · application · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Assess waiver risk — Judge the privilege exposure. TSK-105.01
  • Document safeguards — Record the protections used. TSK-105.02
Data and matter hygiene with AI tools SK-PM-10 NO-FOLIO

Maintain clean matter data for AI use

Keep the record complete and current and separate facts from work product.

TSK-106 BLOOM · application · M2 NO-FOLIO
  • Keep the record complete and current — Maintain accurate matter data. TSK-106.01
  • Separate facts from work product — Distinguish source facts from analysis. TSK-106.02

Govern AI use across the firm

Set an AI-use policy and log the tools and data flows.

TSK-107 BLOOM · synthesis · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Set an AI-use policy — Define acceptable AI use. TSK-107.01
  • Log tools and data flows — Track what is used and how. TSK-107.02

Manage retention and deletion of AI interactions

Retain AI interactions per policy and delete transient prompts and outputs.

TSK-108 BLOOM · application · M3 NO-FOLIO
  • Retain per policy — Keep what policy requires. TSK-108.01
  • Delete transient prompts and outputs — Purge ephemeral data. TSK-108.02