TABLE OF AUTHORITIES · 26 SURVEYED SKILLS
Skills browser
Sonsteng’s seventeen Legal Practice skills and nine Law Practice Management skills, decomposed into the tasks most lawyers most often perform — each mapped into the FOLIO ontology where a sound mapping exists, and cross-linked to the matters that exercise it.
SURVEYED · 17
Legal Practice skills
Ability to diagnose and plan solutions for legal problems SK-LP-01 FOLIO · NEAR · RNlaIvo9pK9MgOcwKug5on IMPORTANCE 96.1%
Conduct a preliminary case analysis
Analyze a new matter to identify governing law and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each side.
- Identify the governing law — Determine which statutes, rules, and cases control the matter. TSK-001.01
- Assess strengths and weaknesses — Weigh the strong and weak points of both sides. TSK-001.02
- Frame the legal issues — State the dispositive issues the matter presents. TSK-001.03
Develop a case theory and strategy
Synthesize the facts and law into a coherent theory of the case and a plan to prevail.
- Articulate theory and themes — State the persuasive theory and supporting themes. TSK-002.01
- Identify elements to prevail — List the elements that must be proven or defeated. TSK-002.02
- Map liabilities and remedies — Identify exposure and the remedies available. TSK-002.03
Create a strategic plan of action
Translate the case theory into a sequenced plan with objectives, steps, and deadlines.
- Define client objectives — Capture what the client wants to achieve. TSK-003.01
- Sequence steps and deadlines — Order the tasks and key dates. TSK-003.02
- Select the forum and approach — Choose litigation, negotiation, or transaction path. TSK-003.03
Diagnose the client's legal problem at intake
Classify the client's problem into the correct area(s) of law and spot threshold issues.
- Classify the problem — Place the problem within one or more areas of law. TSK-004.01
- Spot threshold and jurisdiction issues — Identify limitations, standing, and forum questions. TSK-004.02
Ability in legal analysis and reasoning SK-LP-02 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 96.8% · PREPARED 84.3%
Write a legal analysis memorandum
Produce a written IRAC analysis of a legal question in a matter.
- State the issue and rule — Frame the question and the controlling rule. TSK-005.01
- Apply the law to the facts — Reason from rule to the matter's facts. TSK-005.02
- Reach a reasoned conclusion — State a supported conclusion and its confidence. TSK-005.03
Apply governing law to disputed facts
Match the elements of the governing law to the contested facts of the matter.
- Extract the legal elements — Break the rule into its required elements. TSK-006.01
- Match facts to elements — Line up the facts against each element. TSK-006.02
- Weigh counterarguments — Test the analysis against the opposing view. TSK-006.03
Construct and evaluate legal arguments
Build affirmative arguments and critically evaluate their strength against the opposition.
- Build the affirmative argument — Assemble facts and authority into an argument. TSK-007.01
- Anticipate the opposing argument — Predict and address the counterposition. TSK-007.02
- Assess relative strength — Judge which arguments are strongest. TSK-007.03
Synthesize authority into a working rule
Reconcile multiple, possibly conflicting, authorities into a usable statement of the rule.
- Reconcile conflicting authority — Harmonize or distinguish competing sources. TSK-008.01
- Derive a rule statement — State the synthesized rule for the file. TSK-008.02
Knowledge of substantive law SK-LP-03 NO-FOLIO
Identify the controlling substantive rules
Locate and state the substantive rules that govern the matter.
- Locate governing statutes and code — Find the controlling primary law. TSK-009.01
- Identify controlling elements — State the substantive elements at issue. TSK-009.02
Analyze the elements of a claim or defense
Break a claim or defense into its prima facie elements and available defenses.
- Enumerate prima facie elements — List each element of the claim. TSK-010.01
- Identify affirmative defenses — List defenses that may defeat the claim. TSK-010.02
Apply area-specific doctrine to the facts
Apply the doctrine of the matter's practice area to its particular facts, noting jurisdictional variation.
- Apply doctrine to matter facts — Work the doctrine through the facts. TSK-011.01
- Note jurisdictional variations — Flag differences across the real-tier states. TSK-011.02
Knowledge of procedural law SK-LP-04 NO-FOLIO
Determine the governing procedural framework
Identify the court, forum, and rule set that will govern the matter's procedure.
- Identify court, forum, and rules — Determine the tribunal and its rules. TSK-012.01
- Determine filing deadlines — Calendar the controlling deadlines. TSK-012.02
Apply the rules of civil procedure to a filing
Ensure a filing satisfies jurisdiction, venue, and service requirements.
- Confirm jurisdiction and venue — Verify the forum is proper. TSK-013.01
- Comply with service requirements — Effect and document proper service. TSK-013.02
Apply the rules of evidence in preparation
Assess admissibility and lay foundation for key evidence before a hearing or trial.
- Assess admissibility of exhibits — Test exhibits against the evidence rules. TSK-014.01
- Prepare foundation for key evidence — Plan how each item will be admitted. TSK-014.02
Navigate appellate procedure
Comply with appellate rules, format, and deadlines for a review proceeding.
- Confirm appellate rules and format — Meet the format and length requirements. TSK-015.01
- Calendar briefing deadlines — Track the appellate briefing schedule. TSK-015.02
Library legal research SK-LP-05 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G IMPORTANCE 28.5%
Survey phrasing also recorded as: Skills to conduct legal library research
Formulate a research plan
Plan a library research effort: issues, sources, and search terms.
- Identify issues to research — List the questions to answer. TSK-016.01
- Select sources and search terms — Choose the tools and vocabulary. TSK-016.02
Locate and read primary authority in print
Find and read the controlling statutes and case law in library sources.
- Find controlling statutes — Locate the governing code sections. TSK-017.01
- Find on-point case law — Locate cases on the issue. TSK-017.02
Validate and update authority
Confirm that authority is still good law and note subsequent history.
- Confirm authority is good law — Check that the source is still valid. TSK-018.01
- Note subsequent history — Record later treatment of the source. TSK-018.02
Computer legal research SK-LP-06 FOLIO · NEAR · R7TB5AJsngthjmL6KsEht3G IMPORTANCE 87.1% · PREPARED 81.7%
Survey phrasing also recorded as: Knowledge of computer legal research
Run electronic database searches
Search online legal databases with effective queries filtered to the jurisdiction.
- Build boolean and natural-language queries — Construct effective search strings. TSK-019.01
- Filter by jurisdiction — Restrict results to the governing jurisdiction. TSK-019.02
Cite-check using online tools
Use citator tools to verify citations and check their treatment.
- Verify citation validity — Confirm each cite exists and is accurate. TSK-020.01
- Check treatment flags — Review negative or cautionary treatment. TSK-020.02
Assemble a research trail and report
Record the sources found and summarize the findings for the file.
- Record sources found — Log the authorities located. TSK-021.01
- Summarize findings for the file — Write a short research summary. TSK-021.02
Fact gathering SK-LP-07 FOLIO · NEAR · RVZJBUCRB7cgWN1CIbeJJq
Conduct a client intake interview
Interview a new client to elicit their story, goals, and concerns while building trust.
- Use open-ended then focused questions — Move from broad to narrow (T-funnel). TSK-022.01
- Build rapport and trust — Establish a working relationship. TSK-022.02
- Elicit the client's goals and concerns — Capture what the client wants and fears. TSK-022.03
Investigate and develop the facts
Gather documents and witness information and assess factual gaps and inconsistencies.
- Gather documents and records — Collect the relevant records. TSK-023.01
- Identify and interview witnesses — Find and question fact witnesses. TSK-023.02
- Assess gaps and inconsistencies — Test the facts for holes and conflicts. TSK-023.03
Interview fact witnesses
Prepare for and conduct interviews of fact witnesses and memorialize their statements.
- Prepare a witness question outline — Plan the areas to cover. TSK-024.01
- Capture and memorialize statements — Record the witness account. TSK-024.02
Build and maintain a chronology of facts
Order events into a timeline and link facts to the legal elements they support.
- Order events on a timeline — Place events in sequence. TSK-025.01
- Link facts to legal elements — Connect each fact to an element. TSK-025.02
Oral communication SK-LP-08 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 96.0% · PREPARED 72.7%
Deliver an opening statement or oral argument
Present a structured, theme-driven oral argument and respond to questions from the bench.
- Structure the argument — Organize the oral presentation. TSK-026.01
- Use theory and themes — Anchor the argument in the case theory. TSK-026.02
- Respond to questions from the bench — Handle questioning under pressure. TSK-026.03
Conduct direct and cross-examination
Plan and deliver direct examination to elicit the story and cross to control the witness.
- Plan direct to elicit the story — Design questions that let the witness tell it. TSK-027.01
- Plan cross to control the witness — Design leading questions that limit the witness. TSK-027.02
Counsel and communicate with the client orally
Explain options and confirm understanding in plain, accessible language.
- Explain options in plain language — Translate legal choices for the client. TSK-028.01
- Confirm client understanding — Check that the client understood. TSK-028.02
Present a negotiation position orally
State interests and positions and make and respond to offers in real time.
- State interests and positions — Present the client's goals and stance. TSK-029.01
- Make and respond to offers — Advance and react to proposals. TSK-029.02
Written communication SK-LP-09 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 97.4% · PREPARED 78.6%
Draft client correspondence and letters
Write clear client-facing letters, including status and advice letters.
- Write an engagement or status letter — Communicate scope or progress. TSK-030.01
- Write a client advice letter — Convey advice in writing. TSK-030.02
Draft correspondence to opposing counsel and the court
Write professional correspondence to opposing counsel and the clerk, with proof of service.
- Draft a meet-and-confer letter — Communicate with opposing counsel. TSK-031.01
- Include proof of service — Document service on the other side. TSK-031.02
Write a persuasive brief or memorandum of law
Draft a persuasive brief with organized argument headings and integrated citations.
- Organize argument headings — Structure the brief's point headings. TSK-032.01
- Integrate authority and record cites — Weave in citations to law and record. TSK-032.02
Edit and revise written work against a rubric
Self-edit and revise a draft for clarity, concision, and page limits against the rubric.
- Self-edit for clarity and concision — Tighten and clarify the prose. TSK-033.01
- Revise to meet page limits — Cut to the required length. TSK-033.02
Counseling SK-LP-10 FOLIO · NEAR · R9p98NogvwJk1MnJgYzuiZd IMPORTANCE 86.4% · PREPARED 39.1%
Advise the client on options and risks
Lay out the alternatives and their consequences and give a candid recommendation.
- Lay out alternatives and consequences — Present the realistic options. TSK-034.01
- Give a candid recommendation — Recommend a course of action. TSK-034.02
Counsel on settlement versus proceeding
Help the client weigh settling against proceeding, using BATNA and cost-benefit.
- Evaluate the client's BATNA — Assess the best alternative to agreement. TSK-035.01
- Explain cost, benefit, and risk — Frame the tradeoffs clearly. TSK-035.02
Manage client expectations and decisions
Clarify that the client owns key decisions and document the advice given.
- Clarify decision ownership — Confirm the client decides. TSK-036.01
- Document the advice given — Memorialize the counseling. TSK-036.02
Counsel a distressed or vulnerable client
Acknowledge emotion, rebuild focus, and coordinate with a guardian or parent where needed.
- Acknowledge emotion and rebuild focus — Respond to distress and refocus. TSK-037.01
- Coordinate with a guardian or parent — Involve a caregiver appropriately. TSK-037.02
Instilling others' confidence in you SK-LP-11 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 89.0% · PREPARED 42.0%
Survey phrasing also recorded as: The ability to instill others' confidence in their work
Build client trust and rapport
Earn the client's confidence through competence, preparation, and reliable follow-through.
- Demonstrate competence and preparation — Show mastery of the matter. TSK-038.01
- Communicate reliably and follow through — Do what you say, when you say it. TSK-038.02
Establish credibility with the tribunal and opposing counsel
Build a reputation for candor and preparedness before the court and opposing counsel.
- Demonstrate candor and preparedness — Be straight and ready. TSK-039.01
- Honor commitments and deadlines — Keep your professional word. TSK-039.02
Maintain the attorney-client relationship over time
Keep an ongoing client informed and responsive to sustain the relationship.
- Keep the client informed — Provide regular updates. TSK-040.01
- Respond promptly to communications — Answer the client quickly. TSK-040.02
Ability to obtain and keep clients SK-LP-12 FOLIO · NEAR · R81n0uoiTFQMwwdzAskqkZD IMPORTANCE 80.4% · PREPARED 10.0%
Conduct a new-client intake and screening
Gather intake information and run a preliminary conflicts screen before accepting a client.
- Gather intake information — Collect the client and matter details. TSK-041.01
- Run a preliminary conflicts check — Screen for conflicts before engaging. TSK-041.02
Develop business and generate referrals
Identify prospective clients and communicate the firm's value to win work.
- Identify prospective clients — Find likely sources of work. TSK-042.01
- Communicate the firm's value — Explain why to hire the firm. TSK-042.02
Retain clients through service and relationship
Keep clients by delivering responsive service and acting on their feedback.
- Deliver responsive service — Serve clients promptly and well. TSK-043.01
- Solicit and act on feedback — Ask for and use client feedback. TSK-043.02
Negotiation SK-LP-13 FOLIO · NEAR · RDa0Qu7gpJEIhpO0REOfc1p IMPORTANCE 86.2% · PREPARED 43.6%
Prepare a strategic settlement and negotiation plan (SSNP)
Plan a negotiation: interests, positions, BATNA, targets, and confidential concessions.
- Identify interests, positions, and BATNA — Map the negotiation landscape. TSK-044.01
- Set target and reservation points — Fix the goal and walk-away. TSK-044.02
- Plan confidential concessions — Decide what can be traded and when. TSK-044.03
Conduct a settlement or plea negotiation
Exchange and evaluate offers using principled bargaining and document the terms reached.
- Exchange and evaluate offers — Advance and assess proposals. TSK-045.01
- Use principled bargaining — Negotiate on interests, not positions. TSK-045.02
- Document the terms reached — Record the agreement. TSK-045.03
Negotiate a transaction to agreement
Reconcile competing deal terms and draft the negotiated agreement.
- Reconcile competing deal terms — Bridge the parties' positions. TSK-046.01
- Draft the negotiated agreement — Reduce the deal to writing. TSK-046.02
Participate in mediation
Prepare a mediation position and engage the neutral to explore options.
- Prepare a mediation position or statement — Set out the client's case for the neutral. TSK-047.01
- Engage the neutral and explore options — Work with the mediator toward resolution. TSK-047.02
Litigation SK-LP-14 FOLIO · NEAR · R79LjWBKHCdmQKEW6zPY8Co IMPORTANCE 71.5% · PREPARED 28.7%
Survey phrasing also recorded as: Understanding and conducting litigation
Draft pleadings to initiate or respond
Draft the complaint or petition and the answer and counterclaim.
- Draft the complaint or petition — Plead the claim. TSK-048.01
- Draft the answer and counterclaim — Respond and assert counterclaims. TSK-048.02
Conduct discovery
Propound and respond to written discovery and take and defend depositions.
- Draft interrogatories and document requests — Propound written discovery. TSK-049.01
- Respond to written discovery — Answer the other side's requests. TSK-049.02
- Take or defend a deposition — Conduct deposition practice. TSK-049.03
Engage in motion practice
Draft and argue a motion with supporting and opposing memoranda and a proposed order.
- Draft the motion and supporting memo — Write the moving papers. TSK-050.01
- Draft the opposition — Write the responsive papers. TSK-050.02
- Prepare a proposed order — Draft the order for the court. TSK-050.03
Try a case to verdict
Prepare and present a trial from openings through witnesses to closings and jury instructions.
- Prepare the trial notebook — Assemble the trial materials. TSK-051.01
- Present openings, witnesses, and closings — Deliver the trial presentation. TSK-051.02
- Propose jury instructions and verdict form — Draft the instructions and verdict. TSK-051.03
Conduct an arbitration hearing
Draft the statement of the case and present evidence to the arbitrator.
- Draft the statement of the case — Prepare the arbitration statement. TSK-052.01
- Present evidence to the arbitrator — Try the matter before the arbitrator. TSK-052.02
Handle an appeal
Frame issues and standard of review, write the appellate brief, and argue the appeal.
- Frame issues and standard of review — Define the appellate questions. TSK-053.01
- Write the appellate brief — Draft the brief. TSK-053.02
- Present oral argument — Argue before the court. TSK-053.03
Organization and management of legal work SK-LP-15 FOLIO · NEAR · RDCyhgZrQPH8YgEp0C1Jtvb IMPORTANCE 85.2% · PREPARED 30.7%
Manage the matter file and documents
Organize the case file, exhibits, and document versions for a matter.
- Organize the case file and exhibits — Keep the file orderly. TSK-054.01
- Track key documents and versions — Control document versions. TSK-054.02
Calendar deadlines and manage the docket
Docket court and discovery deadlines with reminders and buffers.
- Docket court and discovery deadlines — Enter every controlling date. TSK-055.01
- Set reminders and buffers — Add lead-time alerts. TSK-055.02
Coordinate the two-person firm's division of labor
Allocate tasks between the two partners and balance the workload realistically.
- Allocate tasks between partners — Split the work fairly. TSK-056.01
- Balance the workload realistically — Avoid overloading either partner. TSK-056.02
Track time and prepare for billing
Record contemporaneous time entries and categorize the work for the invoice.
- Record contemporaneous time entries — Log time as work is done. TSK-057.01
- Categorize work for the invoice — Code entries for billing. TSK-057.02
Sensitivity to professional and ethical concerns SK-LP-16 NO-FOLIO
Identify and resolve conflicts of interest
Run a conflicts check and evaluate waiver or withdrawal where a conflict appears.
- Run a conflicts check — Screen the matter for conflicts. TSK-058.01
- Evaluate waiver or withdrawal options — Decide how to cure a conflict. TSK-058.02
Safeguard client confidences and privilege
Protect privileged material and avoid improper disclosures.
- Protect privileged material — Keep privileged content secure. TSK-059.01
- Avoid improper disclosures — Prevent inadvertent waiver. TSK-059.02
Comply with the rules of professional conduct
Honor duties such as the no-contact rule and candor to the tribunal.
- Honor the no-contact (Rule 4.2) rule — Avoid contact with represented parties. TSK-060.01
- Maintain candor to the tribunal — Be truthful with the court. TSK-060.02
Handle client funds and trust duties ethically
Keep client funds in trust, avoid commingling, and reconcile the trust ledger.
- Keep client funds in trust — Segregate client money. TSK-061.01
- Avoid commingling and reconcile the ledger — Balance and separate the trust account. TSK-061.02
Drafting legal documents SK-LP-17 NO-FOLIO IMPORTANCE 91.0% · PREPARED 45.0%
Survey phrasing also recorded as: Ability to draft legal documents
Draft transactional agreements
Draft a purchase or sale agreement and its protective clauses.
- Draft a purchase or sale agreement — Reduce the deal to a contract. TSK-062.01
- Draft protective clauses — Add easement, warranty, or similar protections. TSK-062.02
Draft a will and estate-planning documents
Draft a will to the client's instructions with an explanatory client letter.
- Draft the will per client instructions — Prepare the testamentary document. TSK-063.01
- Draft the explanatory client letter — Explain the will to the client. TSK-063.02
Draft an engagement letter and fee agreement
Draft the engagement letter stating scope, fee structure, and required billing terms.
- State scope and fee structure — Define the engagement and fee. TSK-064.01
- Include required billing terms — Add the billing and payment terms. TSK-064.02
Draft pleadings and litigation documents
Draft pleadings, motions, affidavits, and proposed orders.
- Draft pleadings and motions — Prepare the litigation papers. TSK-065.01
- Draft affidavits and proposed orders — Prepare supporting documents. TSK-065.02
SURVEYED · 9
Law Practice Management skills
Fee arrangements, pricing, billing SK-PM-01 FOLIO · NEAR · RgV0GDy1p5PQCXleadL2hV PREPARED 9.0%
Select and structure the fee arrangement
Match the fee type to the matter and document it in the agreement.
- Match fee type to matter — Choose hourly, flat, contingency, or retainer. TSK-067.01
- Document the fee in the agreement — Record the fee terms. TSK-067.02
Record time and expenses
Keep contemporaneous time sheets and capture disbursements.
- Keep contemporaneous time sheets — Log time as it is spent. TSK-068.01
- Capture disbursements and expenses — Record costs advanced. TSK-068.02
Prepare a client billing statement
Compile time entries into an invoice, compute the balance due, and enclose a cover letter.
- Compile time entries into an invoice — Assemble the billing statement. TSK-069.01
- Compute fees, expenses, and balance due — Total the amounts owed. TSK-069.02
- Enclose a billing cover letter — Send the statement with a letter. TSK-069.03
Manage retainers and trust accounting
Deposit funds to trust and reconcile the trust ledger so it is never negative.
- Deposit funds to trust — Place advance funds in trust. TSK-070.01
- Reconcile the trust ledger — Balance the trust account. TSK-070.02
Human resources, hiring, support staff SK-PM-02 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt PREPARED 8.9%
Define staffing needs and roles
Identify the support-staff roles the firm needs and write role expectations.
- Identify support-staff roles — Determine needed positions. TSK-071.01
- Write role expectations — Define what each role does. TSK-071.02
Supervise and delegate to non-lawyer staff
Delegate appropriate tasks and supervise staff for competence and ethical compliance.
- Delegate appropriate tasks — Assign suitable work to staff. TSK-072.01
- Supervise for competence and ethics — Oversee quality and conduct. TSK-072.02
Onboard and manage support staff
Train new staff on firm systems and set performance expectations.
- Train on firm systems — Bring staff up to speed. TSK-073.01
- Set performance expectations — Define success for the role. TSK-073.02
Capitalization, investment SK-PM-03 NO-FOLIO PREPARED 4.0%
Plan the firm's startup capitalization
Estimate startup costs and identify sources of capital for the firm.
- Estimate startup costs — Project what launch will cost. TSK-074.01
- Identify capital sources — Find funding options. TSK-074.02
Manage cash flow and reserves
Forecast cash flow and maintain operating reserves.
- Forecast cash flow — Project inflows and outflows. TSK-075.01
- Maintain operating reserves — Hold a cushion for lean months. TSK-075.02
Evaluate investment in tools and growth
Assess the return on a purchase and prioritize investments.
- Assess ROI of a purchase — Weigh cost against benefit. TSK-076.01
- Prioritize investments — Rank competing investments. TSK-076.02
Project and time management, efficiency SK-PM-04 FOLIO · NEAR · R9ScBHXlUfa31SlBnKmDarJ PREPARED 40.3%
Plan and scope a matter as a project
Define deliverables and milestones and estimate the effort and time required.
- Define deliverables and milestones — Set the outputs and checkpoints. TSK-077.01
- Estimate effort and time — Project the work required. TSK-077.02
Manage personal and firm time
Prioritize tasks and track billable versus non-billable time.
- Prioritize tasks — Order work by importance and deadline. TSK-078.01
- Track billable versus non-billable time — Separate the two categories. TSK-078.02
Improve process efficiency
Identify bottlenecks and standardize repeatable work.
- Identify bottlenecks — Find where work stalls. TSK-079.01
- Standardize repeatable work — Templatize recurring tasks. TSK-079.02
Planning, resource allocation, budgeting SK-PM-05 FOLIO · NEAR · RW7P6EPg4NMe8dhyO52jzl PREPARED 13.7%
Prepare a matter or firm budget
Estimate fees and costs and set a budget baseline.
- Estimate fees and costs — Project the numbers. TSK-080.01
- Set a budget baseline — Fix the plan of record. TSK-080.02
Allocate resources across the docket
Match resources to matter priority and rebalance as needs change.
- Match resources to matter priority — Assign effort to what matters most. TSK-081.01
- Rebalance as needs change — Adjust allocations over time. TSK-081.02
Monitor budget versus actuals
Compare actuals to budget and adjust the plan.
- Compare actuals to budget — Track variance. TSK-082.01
- Adjust the plan — Revise the budget as needed. TSK-082.02
Marketing, client development SK-PM-06 FOLIO · NEAR · R81n0uoiTFQMwwdzAskqkZD PREPARED 10.2%
Develop a marketing and client-development plan
Define the target clients and niche and choose outreach channels.
- Define target clients and niche — Pick who to serve. TSK-083.01
- Choose outreach channels — Select how to reach them. TSK-083.02
Build the firm's brand and network
Cultivate referral relationships and maintain a professional presence.
- Cultivate referral relationships — Grow a referral network. TSK-084.01
- Maintain a professional presence — Keep a credible public profile. TSK-084.02
Prepare pitches and proposals
Scope a prospective engagement and present fees and value.
- Scope the prospective engagement — Define the proposed work. TSK-085.01
- Present fees and value — Explain price and worth. TSK-085.02
Technology, computers, communications SK-PM-07 NO-FOLIO PREPARED 53.4%
Adopt and use practice technology
Select case-management tools and use document and billing software.
- Select case-management tools — Choose the firm's systems. TSK-086.01
- Use document and billing software — Operate the core tools. TSK-086.02
Manage electronic communications and records
Organize email and files and retain records per policy.
- Organize email and files — Keep communications orderly. TSK-087.01
- Retain records per policy — Apply the retention schedule. TSK-087.02
Protect data security and client information
Secure devices and accounts and guard against data loss.
- Secure devices and accounts — Lock down access. TSK-088.01
- Guard against data loss — Back up and protect data. TSK-088.02
Governance, decision-making, long-range strategic planning SK-PM-08 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt PREPARED 13.4%
Establish firm governance and decision rules
Define partner decision rights and document firm policies.
- Define partner decision rights — Decide who decides what. TSK-089.01
- Document firm policies — Write the firm's rules. TSK-089.02
Set long-range strategy
Set multi-year goals and align resources to the strategy.
- Set multi-year goals — Define where the firm is going. TSK-090.01
- Align resources to strategy — Point resources at the goals. TSK-090.02
Make and review firm-level decisions
Weigh options and risks and review outcomes to adjust.
- Weigh options and risks — Assess the choices. TSK-091.01
- Review outcomes and adjust — Learn from results. TSK-091.02
Interpersonal communications, staff relations SK-PM-09 FOLIO · PARENT · RBJy3KoNBYSWUf4xdARMhYt PREPARED 39.6%
Communicate effectively within the firm
Hold regular partner check-ins and give constructive feedback.
- Hold regular partner check-ins — Keep the partnership aligned. TSK-092.01
- Give constructive feedback — Coach and correct helpfully. TSK-092.02
Manage partner and staff relationships
Align on expectations and address friction early.
- Align on expectations — Set shared expectations. TSK-093.01
- Address friction early — Handle tension before it grows. TSK-093.02
Resolve internal conflict
Surface disagreements constructively and reach a workable resolution.
- Surface disagreements constructively — Bring conflict into the open. TSK-094.01
- Reach a workable resolution — Settle on a path forward. TSK-094.02
EXTENSION · NOT PART OF THE SURVEYED 26
AI-era extension set
Added for the centaur layer; kept visually and structurally separate from the surveyed canon.
Prompt formulation and iteration SK-LP-18 NO-FOLIO
Formulate an effective legal prompt
Write a prompt that specifies role, task, context, and the governing facts and constraints.
- Specify role, task, and context — Frame the request precisely. TSK-095.01
- Supply governing facts and constraints — Give the model what it needs. TSK-095.02
Iterate and refine prompts
Diagnose weak outputs and revise the prompt to improve results.
- Diagnose weak outputs — Identify what went wrong. TSK-096.01
- Revise the prompt and re-test — Adjust and try again. TSK-096.02
Build reusable prompt templates for tasks
Template recurring prompts for memos or interviews and document their usage and limits.
- Template a memo or interview prompt — Create a reusable prompt. TSK-097.01
- Document usage and limits — Note when and how to use it. TSK-097.02
AI-output verification and citation checking SK-LP-19 NO-FOLIO
Verify AI-asserted facts against the record
Cross-check AI claims to the case file and flag unsupported assertions.
- Cross-check claims to the case file — Verify against source facts. TSK-098.01
- Flag unsupported assertions — Mark what cannot be verified. TSK-098.02
Check AI-provided citations and authority
Confirm each AI citation exists and says what the output claims.
- Confirm each citation exists — Verify the source is real. TSK-099.01
- Confirm it says what is claimed — Read the source for support. TSK-099.02
Detect and correct hallucinations and errors
Identify fabricated content and correct it before relying on or filing the work.
- Identify fabricated content — Spot invented facts or law. TSK-100.01
- Correct before relying or filing — Fix errors before use. TSK-100.02
Centaur workflow judgment SK-LP-20 NO-FOLIO
Decide which tasks to delegate to AI versus retain
Assess task risk and reversibility and keep judgment-heavy work with the human.
- Assess task risk and reversibility — Judge what is safe to delegate. TSK-101.01
- Keep judgment-heavy work human — Retain the hard calls. TSK-101.02
Integrate AI first-pass into the revise-and-repeat loop
Obtain an AI first-pass critique and revise the work against the rubric.
- Get an AI first-pass critique — Run the draft through AI. TSK-102.01
- Revise against the rubric — Improve using the rubric. TSK-102.02
Supervise AI as you would a junior
Set the assignment clearly and review AI work before it leaves the firm.
- Set the assignment clearly — Give the model a clear brief. TSK-103.01
- Review before it leaves the firm — Check the work before use. TSK-103.02
Confidentiality and privilege protection in AI-assisted work SK-LP-21 NO-FOLIO
Avoid disclosing client confidences to AI tools
Strip or avoid identifiers and use only approved tools when working with AI.
- Strip or avoid PII and identifiers — Keep client identity out of prompts. TSK-104.01
- Use approved tools only — Restrict to vetted systems. TSK-104.02
Preserve privilege when using AI
Assess waiver risk and document the safeguards taken.
- Assess waiver risk — Judge the privilege exposure. TSK-105.01
- Document safeguards — Record the protections used. TSK-105.02
Data and matter hygiene with AI tools SK-PM-10 NO-FOLIO
Maintain clean matter data for AI use
Keep the record complete and current and separate facts from work product.
- Keep the record complete and current — Maintain accurate matter data. TSK-106.01
- Separate facts from work product — Distinguish source facts from analysis. TSK-106.02
Govern AI use across the firm
Set an AI-use policy and log the tools and data flows.
- Set an AI-use policy — Define acceptable AI use. TSK-107.01
- Log tools and data flows — Track what is used and how. TSK-107.02
Manage retention and deletion of AI interactions
Retain AI interactions per policy and delete transient prompts and outputs.
- Retain per policy — Keep what policy requires. TSK-108.01
- Delete transient prompts and outputs — Purge ephemeral data. TSK-108.02